添加松针粉对肉鸡营养物质代谢率的影响

选用18日龄肉鸡80羽,随机分为4组,分别为组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ、组Ⅳ,其中组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ为试验组,组Ⅳ为对照组。每组5个重复,每个重复4羽(♀)。采用单因子随机分组设计,共设4个处理,组Ⅰ为基础饲料+1%松针粉,组Ⅱ为基础饲料+3%松针粉,组Ⅲ为基础饲料+5%松针粉,对照组为基础饲料+抗生素。研究结果表明,干物质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ与对照组之间无显著性显著(P>0.05),但组Ⅲ干物质表观代谢率显著低于对照组(P<0.05),5%松针粉组干物质代谢率比对照组低5.46%,其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质日摄入量及日排出量各组间均无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗蛋白质表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了18.34%、23.44%、27.13%;粗脂肪日摄入量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ和对照组(P<0.05),试验组之间无显著性差异(P<0.05);粗脂肪日排出量组Ⅲ显著高于组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ及对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05);粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其余各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05),粗脂肪的表观代谢率组Ⅰ、组Ⅱ、组Ⅲ分别比对照组提高了6.86%、9.43%、5.05%;磷的日摄入量、日排出量、表观代谢率各组间无显著性差异(P>0.05)。     

欢迎订阅2011年《农业现代化研究》

在粮食生产资源要素趋向外移、世界粮食安全形势趋紧的背景下.粮食安全问题依然重要.当前,围绕着气候变暖对粮食安全有利还是有弊、转基因技术是否应在粮食生产中采用、低碳经济发展对粮食安全有无影响的争论正在展开.本文在辨析各种不同观点的基础上,提出气候变化、转基因技术以及低碳经济对粮食安全的影响均是双向的,保障粮食安全的关键还在于因势利导.在气候变迁的背景下.应积极发展农田水利,扩大有效灌溉面积;对于转基因技术是否应用推广应视市场需求而定.当前应作为技术储备加强研究;面对低碳经济时代的到来,粮食生产应该从投入低碳化、产出低碳化和生产过程中有效的固碳及减少碳排放着手.     

徒手克隆工具自制及改进

徒手克隆技术(handmade somatic cell cloning,HMC)解决了由于昂贵设备对核移植技术应用的制约问题。通过徒手克隆刀的自制,不但进一步节省了成本,且更能符合使用者的习惯,提高总的切割效率。试验结果表明,利用自制克隆刀进行半卵法去核,可以达到每小时切割496枚卵母细胞的切割速度和88.14%的存活率;自制聚集针具有制作简单,可以打磨、效果好等特点,可以进一步简化和降低徒手克隆技术的成本,提高克隆效率。     

非对称性增温对冬小麦强势粒和弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响

以扬麦11为材料,采用全生育期田间开放式增温系统进行增温处理,研究了不同增温处理对小麦强和弱势粒淀粉合成关键酶活性的影响差异。结果表明,冬小麦强势粒中蔗糖合酶(SS)、腺苷二磷酸葡萄糖焦磷酸化酶(AGPase)和淀粉分支酶(SBE)的活性较弱势粒高,而且三者白天的活性均比夜间高。不增温条件下,整个灌浆期强势粒中SS、AGPase和SBE的活性平均分别比弱势粒高72.9%、111.4%和7.8%。全天、白天和夜间增温条件下,强势粒SS白天的活性比常温对照的高8.4%~31.2%,夜间的活性比对照高11.1%~20.3%;弱势粒SS白天的活性比对照高9.7%~20.3%之间,夜间的活性比对照高6.1%~32.0%。弱势粒中AGPase活性在不同增温处理下也显著提高,其白天的活性比对照高54.2%~124.4%,夜间的活性比CK高20.7%~99.3%。增温对SBE活性的影响较小,强势粒和弱势粒在增温条件下其白天的活性均比对照高3.9%~12.1%,夜间的活性均比对照高1.0%~7.6%。相关分析表明,AGPase和SBE的活性与千粒重之间存在极显著正相关,增温条件下AGPase和SBE的活性显著提高,尤其是弱势粒中AGPase和SBE活性的显著提高是千粒重提高的一个重要原因。     

Biomass burning in Brazil's Amazonian “arc of deforestation”: Burning efficiency and charcoal formation in a fire after mechanized clearing at Feliz Natal, Mato Grosso

Estimates of greenhouse-gas emissions from deforestation are highly uncertain because of high variability in key parameters and because of the limited number of studies providing field measurements of these parameters. One such parameter is burning efficiency, which determines how much of the original forest's aboveground carbon stock will be released in the burn, as well as how much will later be released by decay and how much will remain as charcoal. In this paper we examined the fate of biomass from a semideciduous tropical forest in the “arc of deforestation,” where clearing activity is concentrated along the southern edge of the Amazon forest. We estimated carbon content, charcoal formation and burning efficiency by direct measurements (cutting and weighing) and by line-intersect sampling (LIS) done along the axis of each plot before and after burning of felled vegetation. The total aboveground dry biomass found here (219.3 Mg ha⁻¹) is lower than the values found in studies that have been done in other parts of the Amazon region. Values for burning efficiency (65%) and charcoal formation (6.0%, or 5.98 Mg C ha⁻¹) were much higher than those found in past studies in tropical areas. The percentage of trunk biomass lost in burning (49%) was substantially higher than has been found in previous studies. This difference may be explained by the concentration of more stems in the smaller diameter classes and the low humidity of the fuel (the dry season was unusually long in 2007, the year of the burn). This study provides the first measurements of forest burning parameters for a group of forest types that is now undergoing rapid deforestation. The burning parameters estimated here indicate substantially higher burning efficiency than has been found in other Amazonian forest types. Quantification of burning efficiency is critical to estimates of trace-gas emissions from deforestation.     

The hosts and potential geographic range of Dothistroma needle blight

Dothistroma needle blight, one of the most important foliar diseases of Pinus spp., is caused primarily by the fungus Dothistroma septosporum (Dorog.) Morelet, and to a lesser extent by Dothistroma pini Hulbary. The potential distribution and abundance of Dothistroma spp. was determined by (i) developing a process-oriented model of potential distribution of Dothistroma spp. from known locations, (ii) compiling a comprehensive list of susceptible host species from existing scientific literature and (iii) determining the distribution of susceptible hosts in areas predicted to be suitable for range expansion of Dothistroma spp. Using these three sources of information regions at risk were identified as those that were predicted to be suitable for range expansion by Dothistroma spp. and included significant areas of susceptible host species.     

树木年轮与全球变暖的关系研究进展

树木年轮宽度、密度、同位素含量等都与气候因子温度、湿度以及其他成分的变化有复杂的相关关系。总结了树木年轮的几种研究方法在全球温度变化中的应用, 同时利用树木年轮分析对全球变化研究中存在的问题做了简要的探讨, 并对未来全球变化条件下年轮年代学研究的方向作了展望。     

一种改良的CTAB法提取马尾松基因组DNA

以马尾松针叶为试验材料,利用改良的CTAB法抽提基因组DNA,其浓度和纯度符合PCR实验的要求,经凝胶电泳检测,DNA纯化效果好。     

气候变暖对甘肃省武威市主要病虫害发生趋势的影响

［目的］研究气候变暖对甘肃省武威市主要病虫害发生趋势的影响。［方法］以凉州区为例,分析了农作物主要病虫害小麦蚜虫、小麦条锈病、玉米棉铃虫等生消关键期（越冬期、发生发展期）历年热量和水分条件变化,以及各气象要素与病虫害发生之间的内在相互关系。［结果］在全球气候变暖背景下,凉州区气候变暖幅度亦逐年代加快,气温线性倾向值20世纪80年代以来达到0.535 ℃/10 a,异常暖年、暖年出现几率增大,冬季气温倾向值为0.583 ℃/10 a,明显高于其他季节 病虫害发生期间（3～9月）热量条件改善,≥5 ℃积温、≥10 ℃积温增加明显 降水总体呈增加趋势,春、夏季降水增加较快,但量级较小 受气候变化影响,暖冬有利于虫卵的安全越冬,越冬基数增加,翌年发生期提前,发生面积增大。生育期间热量增加、光照充足有利于小麦蚜虫、玉米红蜘蛛的发生发展,为害期延长,世代数增加,为害程度加重。降水增多虽不利于虫害的繁殖,但对小麦条锈病、赤霉病等的发展蔓延有利。［结论］对于有效指导病虫害预防、减轻农业污染、保护农业生态环境具有积极意义。     

气候变化对长三角地区农业生产的影响及对策

在全球气候变暖为主要特征的气候变化背景下,中国长三角地区的年平均气温不断升高,极端天气气候事件趋多增强。文章根据这一气候变化特点和趋势,结合相关研究报告和资料,分析探讨气候变化对中国长三角地区农作物的生长发育、种植制度、分布结构、病虫害的发生以及沿海的渔业生产等的影响,进而提出相应的对策,指出长三角地区应通过调整种植制度、发展节水农业、推行生态农业、提高灾害预测警水平等措施,积极应对气候变化的影响。